_A._–In Manchester, where some stringent regulations for the prevention of
smoke have for some time been in force, it is found that the readiest way
of burning the smoke is to have a very large proportion of furnace room,
whereby slow combustion may be carried on. In some cases, too, a favourable
result is arrived at by raising a ridge of coal across the furnace lying
against the bridge, and of the same height: this ridge speedily becomes a
mass of incandescent coke, which promotes the combustion of the smoke
passing over it.

_A._–It is an elongation of the valve face to a certain extent over the
port, whereby the port is closed sooner than would otherwise be the case.
This extension is chiefly effected at that part of the valve where the
steam is admitted, or upon the _steam side_ of the valve, as the technical
phrase is; and the intent of the extension is to close the steam passage
before the end of the stroke, whereby the engine is made to operate to a
certain extent expansively. In some cases, however, there is also a certain
amount of lap given to the escape or eduction side, to prevent the eduction
from being performed too soon when the lead is great; but in all cases
there is far less lap on the eduction than on the steam side, very often
there is none, and sometimes less than none, so that the valve is incapable
of covering both the ports at once.

but Santos-Dumont could not be deterred from continuing his experiments
Most men would have given up aerial navigation after such an experience,
but Santos-Dumont could not be deterred from continuing his experiments.
The night of the very day which witnessed his fearful fall and the
destruction of No. 5 he ordered a new balloon for ‘Santos-Dumont No. 6.’
It showed the pluck and determination of the man as nothing else could.

_A._–No; it is necessary in practice that
the feed pump should be able to supply the boiler with a much larger
quantity of water than what is indicated by these proportions, from the
risk of leaks, priming, or other disarrangements, and the feed pump is
usually made capable of raising 3-1/2 times the water evaporated by the
boiler. About 1/240th of the capacity of the cylinder answers very well for
the capacity of the feed pump in the case of low pressure engines,
supposing the cylinder to be double acting, and the pump single acting; but
it is better to exceed this size.

a broad fore and aft surface will not lift as much
as a narrow plane
In experimenting with planes it is found that
a broad fore and aft surface will not lift as much
as a narrow plane. This subject is fully explained
in the chapter on The Lifting Surfaces of
Planes. In view of that the technical descriptions
of the operation will not be touched upon
at this place, except so far as it may be necessary
to set forth the present subject.

rounding, the bent piece must be laid edgewise on the face of the anvil
To make the outside of a bend square, sharp and full, rather than slightly
rounding, the bent piece must be laid edgewise on the face of the anvil.
That is, after making the bend over the corner of the anvil, lay the piece
on top of the anvil so that its edge and not the flat side rests on the
anvil top. With the work in this position, strike directly against the
corner with the hammer so that the blows come in line, first with one leg
of the work, then the other, and always directly on the corner of the
piece. This operation cannot be performed by laying the work so that one
leg hangs over the anvil”s corner.

motor is available, our 300 square feet of surface
may be put into two planes, each having 150 square
feet of surface, which would make each 5″ by 30″
in size; or, it may be decided to make the planes
narrower, and proportionally longer
However, let us assume that a forty horse power
motor is available, our 300 square feet of surface
may be put into two planes, each having 150 square
feet of surface, which would make each 5″ by 30″
in size; or, it may be decided to make the planes
narrower, and proportionally longer. This is immaterial.
The shorter the planes transversely,
the greater will be the stability, and the wider the
planes the less will be the lift, comparatively.

the river bottom, are perhaps the most common in use
Foundations of wooden and iron piles, driven deep in the ground below
the river bottom, are perhaps the most common in use. The piles are
sawed off below the surface of the water and a platform built upon them,
which in turn serves as the foundation for the masonry.

Fig. 64 is a side elevation of the Woodward Steam Pump. The pump is direct
acting. The steam and water piston being on the same rod, but momentum is
obtained to throw the valves by means of a fly wheel, placed beyond the
pump, and connected with the piston rod by a cross head and a yoke. The
machine is simple in its construction and action, and is extensively used.

learner, some are merely in the nature of cautions,
and it is advisable for the beginner to learn what
the experiences of others have been, although they
may never be called upon to duplicate them
Many of the experiences are valuable to the
learner, some are merely in the nature of cautions,
and it is advisable for the beginner to learn what
the experiences of others have been, although they
may never be called upon to duplicate them.